Emergency Fund Guide
How Much to Save & Where to Keep It
(Australian Edition)
Why Every Australian Needs an Emergency Fund
In March 2024, Australian households saved just 0.9% of their income, the lowest savings rate in 17 years. Yet with rising living costs, job market uncertainty, and increasing natural disasters, having an emergency fund has never been more critical for Australian families.
An emergency fund isn’t just about job loss—it’s your financial shield against car breakdowns, medical emergencies, home repairs, and the unexpected expenses that can derail your budget. This comprehensive guide will show you exactly how much to save, where to keep it, and how to build your emergency fund efficiently in the Australian context.
Understanding Emergency Funds
What Is an Emergency Fund?
An emergency fund is money set aside specifically for unexpected expenses or financial emergencies. It’s your financial safety net that prevents you from going into debt when life throws you a curveball.
Key Characteristics: – Easily accessible: Available within 24-48 hours – Separate from other savings: Not mixed with holiday or goal savings – Only for true emergencies: Not for planned expenses or wants – Stable value: Protected from market volatility – Sufficient amount: Covers 3-6 months of essential expenses
What Qualifies as an Emergency?
True Emergencies: – Job loss or significant income reduction – Major medical expenses not covered by insurance – Essential home repairs (roof, plumbing, electrical) – Car repairs needed for work transportation – Family emergencies requiring travel – Natural disaster recovery costs
Not Emergencies: – Annual car registration and insurance – Christmas gifts and holiday expenses – Planned home renovations – Wanting a new phone or laptop – Sale items you “can’t miss” – Regular medical check-ups and dental care
The Australian Context: Why It’s More Important
Unique Australian Factors: – Limited social safety net: Centrelink payments have waiting periods – High cost of living: Unexpected expenses hit harder – Natural disasters: Bushfires, floods, and storms are common – Geographic isolation: Higher costs for emergency travel – Private healthcare gaps: Medicare doesn’t cover everything – Casual employment: 25% of workers have irregular income
How Much Should You Save?
The Standard Recommendation: 3-6 Months
Basic Guideline: – 3 months minimum: For stable employment and dual-income households – 6 months standard: For single-income families and most situations – 9-12 months maximum: For irregular income or high-risk employment
Australian Household Emergency Fund Targets
Based on ABS Household Expenditure Survey Data:
Single Person: – Minimum (3 months): $8,200 – Standard (6 months): $16,400 – Comprehensive (9 months): $24,600
Couple (no children): – Minimum (3 months): $11,600 – Standard (6 months): $23,200 – Comprehensive (9 months): $34,800
Family of Four: – Minimum (3 months): $16,300 – Standard (6 months): $32,600 – Comprehensive (9 months): $48,900
City-by-City Emergency Fund Targets
Sydney (Higher Cost of Living): – Single: $10,000-20,000 – Couple: $14,000-28,000 – Family of four: $20,000-40,000
Melbourne: – Single: $9,000-18,000 – Couple: $13,000-26,000 – Family of four: $18,000-36,000
Brisbane: – Single: $8,000-16,000 – Couple: $12,000-24,000 – Family of four: $16,000-32,000
Perth: – Single: $8,500-17,000 – Couple: $12,500-25,000 – Family of four: $17,000-34,000
Adelaide: – Single: $7,500-15,000 – Couple: $11,000-22,000 – Family of four: $15,000-30,000
Calculating Your Personal Target
Step 1: List Essential Monthly Expenses – Housing (rent/mortgage, rates, insurance) – Utilities (electricity, gas, water, internet, phone) – Groceries and essential food – Transportation (car payments, fuel, public transport) – Insurance (health, car, contents) – Minimum debt payments – Basic personal care and clothing – Essential subscriptions (not entertainment)
Step 2: Calculate Monthly Total Add all essential expenses for your monthly survival amount.
Step 3: Multiply by Target Months – Stable job, dual income: × 3 – Average situation: × 6 – Risky job, single income: × 9
Step 4: Add Australian-Specific Buffer Add 10-20% for: – Natural disaster preparation – Higher medical costs – Geographic isolation factors
Factors That Increase Your Target
Employment Factors: – Casual or contract work – Commission-based income – Seasonal employment – High-risk industry (hospitality, retail, mining) – Self-employment or business ownership
Personal Factors: – Single income household – Dependents (children, elderly parents) – Chronic health conditions – Older home requiring maintenance – Limited family support network
Location Factors: – Remote or regional areas – High cost of living cities – Areas prone to natural disasters – Limited public transport options – Distance from family support
Factors That May Reduce Your Target
Stability Factors: – Permanent government employment – Strong union protection – Dual professional incomes – Comprehensive insurance coverage – Strong family support network
Financial Factors: – Significant other savings and investments – Access to credit lines (use cautiously) – Rental property income – Dividend income from shares – Multiple income streams
Where to Keep Your Emergency Fund
High-Yield Savings Accounts: The Primary Option
Best Australian High-Yield Savings Accounts (2025):
ING Savings Maximiser: – Rate: 5.50% p.a. (with conditions) – Conditions: $1,000+ monthly deposit, 5+ card transactions – Pros: High rate, established bank, good app – Cons: Conditions required for bonus rate
Macquarie Savings Account: – Rate: 5.35% p.a. (no conditions) – Conditions: None – Pros: No conditions, reliable rate, excellent service – Cons: Slightly lower rate than conditional accounts
Ubank Save Account: – Rate: 5.25% p.a. (with conditions) – Conditions: $500+ monthly deposit, 5+ transactions – Pros: NAB backing, good digital experience – Cons: Conditions required, newer bank
BOQ Future Saver: – Rate: 5.00% p.a. (with conditions) – Conditions: $1,000+ monthly deposit, no withdrawals – Pros: Good rate, established bank – Cons: No withdrawal condition challenging for emergency fund
Westpac Life: – Rate: 4.75% p.a. (with conditions) – Conditions: $1,000+ monthly deposit, 5+ transactions – Pros: Big four bank security, branch access – Cons: Lower rate, complex conditions
Term Deposits: Limited Liquidity Option
When to Consider: – Portion of large emergency fund (6+ months) – Very stable employment situation – Additional to liquid emergency savings
Australian Term Deposit Rates (2025): – 6 months: 4.50-5.00% p.a. – 12 months: 4.75-5.25% p.a. – 24 months: 4.50-5.00% p.a.
Pros: – Guaranteed returns – ACCC protection up to $250,000 – No market volatility
Cons: – Early withdrawal penalties – Lower liquidity for emergencies – Rates may not keep up with inflation
Offset Accounts: Dual-Purpose Strategy
How It Works: – Money in offset account reduces mortgage interest – Funds remain accessible for emergencies – Effective return equals your mortgage rate
Benefits: – Tax-free returns (no interest income) – Immediate access to funds – Reduces mortgage interest payments – No additional account fees typically
Considerations: – Only beneficial if you have a mortgage – Requires discipline not to use for non-emergencies – May have minimum balance requirements
Cash Management Accounts: Professional Option
Features: – Higher interest than basic savings – Debit card access – Often linked to investment platforms – Professional money management tools
Examples: – Macquarie Cash Management Account: 4.85% p.a. – CommSec Cash Investment Account: Variable rates – Westpac Cash Investment Account: Competitive rates
What to Avoid for Emergency Funds
Shares and ETFs: – Risk: Market volatility can reduce value when needed – Liquidity: 2-3 days to access funds – Timing: May need to sell at market lows
Property Investment: – Liquidity: Months to sell – Costs: Selling costs reduce available funds – Market risk: Value may decline
Cryptocurrency: – Volatility: Extreme price swings – Regulatory risk: Changing government policies – Technical risk: Exchange failures, lost keys
Superannuation: – Access restrictions: Generally can’t access until retirement – Penalties: Early access has strict conditions and taxes – Purpose: Designed for retirement, not emergencies
Building Your Emergency Fund
The Starter Emergency Fund: $1,000
Why Start Small: – Achievable goal builds momentum – Covers most minor emergencies – Prevents debt for small unexpected expenses – Creates emergency fund habit
How to Save $1,000 Quickly: – Sell unused items: Aim for $300-500 – Reduce discretionary spending: Cut $200-300/month – Use windfalls: Tax refunds, bonuses, gifts – Side hustle: Freelance work, gig economy – Challenge yourself: No-spend month, meal prep
The Systematic Approach: Building to Full Target
Step 1: Calculate Your Target (Months 1-2) – Determine essential monthly expenses – Choose appropriate months of coverage – Set specific dollar target – Open dedicated high-yield savings account
Step 2: Automate Your Savings (Month 3) – Set up automatic transfer on payday – Start with 5-10% of income – Treat it as a non-negotiable expense – Use separate account to avoid temptation
Step 3: Accelerate with Windfalls (Ongoing) – Tax refunds (average $2,800 for Australians) – Work bonuses and overtime – Government payments (Family Tax Benefit, etc.) – Gift money and inheritance – Side hustle income
Step 4: Optimize and Maintain (Ongoing) – Review and increase contributions annually – Adjust target as expenses change – Replenish immediately after use – Celebrate milestones reached
Timeline Expectations
Conservative Approach (5% of income): – $50,000 income: $208/month → 6 months = $15,000 in 6 years – $80,000 income: $333/month → 6 months = $24,000 in 6 years – $100,000 income: $417/month → 6 months = $30,000 in 6 years
Aggressive Approach (15% of income): – $50,000 income: $625/month → 6 months = $15,000 in 2 years – $80,000 income: $1,000/month → 6 months = $24,000 in 2 years – $100,000 income: $1,250/month → 6 months = $30,000 in 2 years
Balanced Approach (10% of income): – $50,000 income: $417/month → 6 months = $15,000 in 3 years – $80,000 income: $667/month → 6 months = $24,000 in 3 years – $100,000 income: $833/month → 6 months = $30,000 in 3 years
Strategies to Accelerate Building
Income Optimization: – Salary negotiation: Research market rates, prepare case – Skill development: Invest in courses, certifications – Side hustles: Uber, Airtasker, freelancing – Overtime opportunities: Take available extra shifts – Government benefits: Ensure you’re claiming all entitlements
Expense Reduction: – Housing optimization: Downsize, house share, relocate – Transport savings: Public transport, cycling, car sharing – Food costs: Meal planning, bulk buying, generic brands – Subscription audit: Cancel unused services – Energy efficiency: Reduce utility bills
Windfall Maximization: – Tax optimization: Maximize refunds through deductions – Cashback and rewards: Use credit card points wisely – Selling assets: Declutter and sell unused items – Gift strategy: Request money for birthdays/Christmas – Competition entries: Small wins add up
Managing Your Emergency Fund
When to Use Your Emergency Fund
Clear Emergencies: – Job loss or significant income reduction – Major medical expenses beyond insurance – Essential home repairs (roof leak, broken hot water) – Car repairs needed for work – Family emergency travel – Natural disaster recovery
Borderline Situations (Consider Carefully): – Minor car repairs (could you use public transport temporarily?) – Home appliance replacement (could you delay or buy used?) – Medical expenses (could you use payment plans?) – Pet emergencies (do you have pet insurance?)
Not Emergencies: – Annual expenses you should budget for – Opportunities to make money (investments) – Lifestyle upgrades or wants – Planned expenses you forgot to save for
The Decision Framework
Ask These Questions: 1. Is it unexpected? (Not a planned or recurring expense) 2. Is it necessary? (Essential for health, safety, or income) 3. Is it urgent? (Can’t be delayed without consequences) 4. Are there alternatives? (Payment plans, borrowing, delaying) 5. Is the amount reasonable? (Proportionate to the emergency)
If you answer “yes” to all five, use your emergency fund.
Replenishing After Use
Immediate Actions: – Stop non-essential spending temporarily – Increase income through overtime or side work – Use windfalls to rebuild quickly – Adjust other savings temporarily to prioritize emergency fund
Replenishment Timeline: – Small use ($500-1,000): Rebuild within 2-3 months – Medium use ($1,000-5,000): Rebuild within 6-12 months – Large use ($5,000+): Rebuild within 12-24 months
Strategies for Quick Rebuilding: – Temporarily reduce retirement contributions – Pause other savings goals – Increase income through extra work – Sell non-essential items – Use tax refunds and bonuses
Regular Maintenance and Review
Annual Review Tasks: – Recalculate target amount based on current expenses – Review account performance and consider switching – Assess adequacy based on life changes – Update beneficiaries and account details
Life Events Requiring Target Adjustment: – Job change: New income level or stability – Family changes: Marriage, children, divorce – Home purchase: New mortgage and maintenance costs – Health changes: Chronic conditions or disabilities – Location change: Different cost of living
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Mistake 1: Starting Too Big
The Problem: – Setting unrealistic initial targets – Becoming overwhelmed and giving up – Perfectionism preventing action
The Solution: – Start with $1,000 goal – Build momentum with small wins – Increase target gradually – Focus on consistency over amount
Mistake 2: Using Low-Interest Accounts
The Problem: – Keeping emergency funds in accounts earning 0.1% – Losing purchasing power to inflation – Missing thousands in potential earnings
The Solution: – Research high-yield savings options – Compare rates and conditions regularly – Switch accounts when better options emerge – Aim for rates above inflation (3%+)
Mistake 3: Mixing Emergency and Other Savings
The Problem: – Using emergency funds for holidays or purchases – Confusion about available amounts – Reduced discipline and boundaries
The Solution: – Separate accounts for different purposes – Clear labeling and mental accounting – Automatic transfers to prevent mixing – Regular review of account purposes
Mistake 4: Never Using the Fund
The Problem: – Hoarding money and using debt instead – Fear of “wasting” emergency savings – Letting pride prevent appropriate use
The Solution: – Clear criteria for emergency use – Remember the fund’s purpose is to be used – Calculate cost of debt vs. using savings – Plan for replenishment before use
Mistake 5: Stopping Once Target Is Reached
The Problem: – Failing to adjust for inflation – Not updating for life changes – Letting account stagnate
The Solution: – Annual target reviews and adjustments – Automatic inflation adjustments – Life event trigger reviews – Continued optimization of returns
Emergency Funds for Different Life Stages
Young Adults (20s): Building Foundation
Typical Challenges: – Lower starting salaries ($45,000-60,000) – High social and lifestyle expenses – Student debt repayments – Lack of financial knowledge
Emergency Fund Strategy: – Target: $5,000-10,000 (3-6 months basic expenses) – Timeline: 2-3 years to build – Priority: Start with $1,000, then build gradually – Account: High-yield savings with no conditions
Building Strategies: – Live with parents longer to save on rent – House share to reduce accommodation costs – Use public transport instead of car ownership – Cook at home and limit dining out – Take advantage of free entertainment options
Young Couples (30s): Combining Resources
Typical Situation: – Combined income $80,000-120,000 – Shared living expenses – Saving for home deposit – Planning for family
Emergency Fund Strategy: – Target: $15,000-25,000 (6 months combined expenses) – Timeline: 2-4 years to build – Priority: Balance with home deposit savings – Account: Offset account if buying home, otherwise high-yield savings
Building Strategies: – Combine finances for efficiency – One person’s salary for living, other for savings – Use wedding gifts and bonuses – Optimize shared expenses (utilities, groceries) – Consider side hustles for both partners
Families with Children: Maximum Need
Typical Situation: – Income $70,000-150,000 (often reduced during parental leave) – High expenses (childcare $100-150/day) – Larger housing needs – Multiple dependents
Emergency Fund Strategy: – Target: $25,000-45,000 (6-9 months family expenses) – Timeline: 3-5 years to build – Priority: Essential due to family responsibilities – Account: High-yield savings for accessibility
Building Strategies: – Use Family Tax Benefits and Child Care Subsidy – Meal plan and bulk buy to reduce grocery costs – Consider one parent working part-time vs. full childcare – Use free family activities and entertainment – Sell baby items as children outgrow them
Pre-Retirees (50s-60s): Peak Earning Phase
Typical Situation: – Peak income $100,000-200,000 – Reduced family expenses – Mortgage potentially paid off – Planning for retirement
Emergency Fund Strategy: – Target: $30,000-60,000 (6-12 months expenses) – Timeline: 1-2 years to build (higher income) – Priority: Bridge to retirement planning – Account: Mix of high-yield savings and term deposits
Building Strategies: – Use peak earning years for rapid building – Redirect mortgage payments after payoff – Use superannuation salary sacrifice tax savings – Consider larger fund due to limited earning years remaining – Plan for potential health-related expenses
Retirees: Fixed Income Considerations
Typical Situation: – Fixed income from superannuation and Age Pension – Reduced ability to replace fund if used – Potential health and aged care expenses – Desire to preserve wealth for estate
Emergency Fund Strategy: – Target: $20,000-50,000 (12+ months expenses) – Timeline: Should be established before retirement – Priority: Critical due to limited income replacement ability – Account: Conservative investments and high-yield savings
Maintenance Strategies: – Larger fund due to inability to quickly rebuild – Conservative approach to preserve capital – Consider aged care and health expense buffers – Regular review as expenses change with age – Plan for potential home modifications or care needs
Emergency Funds and Other Financial Goals
Balancing Emergency Funds with Debt Repayment
The Debt vs. Emergency Fund Dilemma: – High-interest debt costs more than emergency fund earns – But no emergency fund means more debt when emergencies occur – Balance depends on debt type and personal risk tolerance
Recommended Approach: 1. Build $1,000 starter emergency fund first 2. Pay off high-interest debt (credit cards, personal loans) 3. Build full emergency fund (3-6 months expenses) 4. Pay off moderate-interest debt (car loans, HECS) 5. Focus on low-interest debt (mortgage) while investing
Exception for High-Risk Situations: – Unstable employment – Health issues – Single income household – Consider building larger emergency fund before aggressive debt payoff
Emergency Funds vs. Investment Opportunities
The Opportunity Cost Question: – Emergency funds earn 4-5% in savings accounts – Share market historically returns 7-10% annually – Real estate and other investments may offer higher returns
Why Emergency Funds Still Win: – Liquidity: Immediate access when needed – Stability: No risk of loss when emergency occurs – Peace of mind: Reduces financial stress and anxiety – Prevents poor decisions: Avoids selling investments at bad times
Compromise Approaches: – Tiered strategy: 3 months in savings, 3 months in conservative investments – Credit line backup: Smaller emergency fund with access to low-interest credit – Investment emergency fund: For very high net worth individuals only
Emergency Funds and Home Buying
The Deposit Dilemma: – Need 20% deposit to avoid Lenders Mortgage Insurance – Also need emergency fund for home ownership expenses – Competing priorities for limited savings
Recommended Strategy: 1. Build starter emergency fund ($5,000-10,000) 2. Save for home deposit while maintaining small emergency fund 3. Increase emergency fund after home purchase to account for maintenance 4. Use offset account to serve dual purpose if possible
Home Ownership Emergency Considerations: – Maintenance and repairs: Landlord no longer responsible – Council rates and insurance: New ongoing expenses – Mortgage protection: Larger emergency fund needed – Interest rate risk: Variable rate mortgage vulnerability
Emergency Funds and Retirement Planning
Superannuation vs. Emergency Fund: – Superannuation is tax-advantaged but inaccessible – Emergency fund provides pre-retirement security – Both are essential for complete financial planning
Age-Based Allocation: – 20s-30s: Focus on emergency fund first, then super – 40s-50s: Balance emergency fund with aggressive super contributions – Pre-retirement: Larger emergency fund as super becomes accessible
Transition to Retirement: – Larger emergency fund needed: Limited ability to rebuild – Bridge to superannuation access: Cover gap periods – Healthcare buffer: Increased medical expenses likely
Advanced Emergency Fund Strategies
The Tiered Emergency Fund Approach
Tier 1: Immediate Access (1 month expenses) – Location: High-yield savings account – Purpose: Immediate emergencies and cash flow gaps – Access: Instant via debit card or transfer
Tier 2: Short-term Access (2-3 months expenses) – Location: Term deposits or notice savings accounts – Purpose: Extended emergencies like job loss – Access: 1-7 days notice required
Tier 3: Medium-term Access (3-6 months expenses) – Location: Conservative investments or longer-term deposits – Purpose: Major emergencies or economic downturns – Access: 1-4 weeks to liquidate
The Investment Emergency Fund
For High Net Worth Individuals: – Minimum liquid fund: 3 months expenses in savings – Additional buffer: 6-12 months in conservative investments – Investment options: Government bonds, conservative managed funds – Risk management: Diversified across asset classes
Conservative Investment Options: – Australian Government Bonds: Guaranteed by government – High-grade Corporate Bonds: Stable income, low risk – Conservative Balanced Funds: 20-30% growth assets – Cash Management Trusts: Professional cash management
The Business Owner’s Emergency Fund
Unique Considerations: – Irregular income: Seasonal or cyclical business patterns – Business expenses: Separate from personal emergency fund – Economic sensitivity: Business may suffer during recessions – Limited social safety net: No employee benefits or job security
Recommended Strategy: – Personal emergency fund: 9-12 months personal expenses – Business emergency fund: 6-12 months business operating expenses – Separate accounts: Keep personal and business funds distinct – Conservative approach: Higher cash allocation due to income volatility
The Geographic Diversification Strategy
For High-Risk Areas: – Natural disaster zones: Bushfire, flood, cyclone areas – Economic concentration: Mining towns, single-industry areas – Remote locations: Limited services and higher costs
Diversification Approaches: – Multiple bank accounts: Different institutions and locations – Interstate accounts: Banks in different states – Physical cash: Small amount for immediate needs – Precious metals: Gold or silver for extreme scenarios (advanced strategy)
Technology and Tools
Best Apps for Emergency Fund Management
Savings Goal Tracking: – WeMoney: Set specific savings goals with progress tracking – Frollo: AI-powered insights and goal management – PocketBook: Simple goal setting and progress monitoring – Goodbudget: Envelope method for emergency fund allocation
High-Yield Account Management: – Bank apps: Direct management of high-yield savings accounts – Rate comparison sites: Mozo, Canstar for ongoing rate monitoring – Savings calculators: Compound interest and goal timeline calculators
Automation Tools: – Automatic transfers: Set up through your bank’s app or website – Round-up savings: Apps that round up purchases and save the difference – Salary sacrifice: Automatic deduction from pay before you see it
Spreadsheet Templates and Calculators
Emergency Fund Calculator: – Input monthly expenses by category – Calculate 3, 6, and 9-month targets – Track progress toward goal – Project timeline based on savings rate
Expense Tracking Template: – Monthly expense categories – Essential vs. non-essential classification – Annual expense planning – Emergency fund target calculation
Savings Progress Tracker: – Monthly savings contributions – Interest earned tracking – Goal progress visualization – Milestone celebration markers
Banking Technology Features
Automatic Savings Features: – Round-up programs: Westpac Impulse Saver, CommBank Kaching – Automatic transfers: Set percentage or fixed amount transfers – Goal-based savings: Dedicated savings goals within accounts – Spending alerts: Notifications when approaching budget limits
Account Management Tools: – Mobile banking: 24/7 access to account balances and transfers – Spending categorization: Automatic expense classification – Bill prediction: Forecast upcoming expenses – Interest optimization: Alerts for better rate opportunities
Your Emergency Fund Action Plan
Building an emergency fund is one of the most important financial steps you can take as an Australian. It provides security, peace of mind, and financial flexibility that no other savings goal can match. While the journey may seem daunting, remember that every dollar saved brings you closer to financial security.
Your 90-Day Quick Start Plan:
Days 1-30: Foundation – Calculate your emergency fund target – Open a high-yield savings account – Set up automatic transfer for $100-500/month – Track current expenses to refine target
Days 31-60: Acceleration – Identify areas to cut expenses temporarily – Sell unused items for quick cash injection – Increase automatic transfer amount – Research and optimize savings account rate
Days 61-90: Optimization – Review progress and adjust strategy – Plan for upcoming windfalls (tax refund, bonus) – Set up systems for long-term success – Celebrate reaching first milestone ($1,000)
Key Takeaways:
Start small but start now: $1,000 is better than $0 2. Automate everything: Make saving effortless and consistent 3. Choose the right account: High-yield savings with easy access 4. Adjust for your situation: Location, income, and life stage matter 5. Review regularly: Update targets as life changes 6. Use when appropriate: Don’t let pride prevent proper use 7. Replenish quickly: Rebuild immediately after use
Remember:
Your emergency fund isn’t just money in an account—it’s financial freedom, reduced stress, and the confidence to handle whatever life throws your way. In a country where natural disasters, economic uncertainty, and high living costs are realities, having an emergency fund isn’t just smart—it’s essential.
Start today, stay consistent, and watch your financial security grow month by month. Your future self will thank you for the peace of mind and financial stability that only a well-funded emergency account can provide.
The best time to build an emergency fund was yesterday. The second-best time is right now.
This guide is for educational purposes only and should not be considered personal financial advice. Consider consulting with a qualified financial advisor for advice specific to your situation. Interest rates and account features mentioned are indicative and subject to change.
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